Inpspired by tarantool/curl module by Vasiliy Soshnikov.
Reviewed and refactored by Roman Tsisyk.

Closes #2083

Rename `struct type` to `struct type_info` and `struct method` to
`struct method_info` to fix name clash with curl/curl.h

We added _truncate space to 1.7.5 and we are going to add new system
spaces for storing sequences and triggers. Without upgrade, the
corresponding operations won't work. Since 1.7.5 is a minor upgrade,
users may not call box.schema.upgrade(), so we need to call it for them
automatically. This patch introduces infrastructure for automatic
upgrades and sets upgrade to 1.7.5 to be called automatically.

While we are at it, rename schema version 1.7.4 to 1.7.5 (1.7.4 has
already been released).

Closes #2517

Follow up #2496

Set checkpoint_count = 2, checkpoint_interval = 3600 by default.

vinyl/layout.result is updated because checkpoint_count was changed
from 6 to 2.

Closes #2496

If more than one request rollbacks then vclock_follow cause
commit broken order

Compiling with arm raises a signed and unsigned comparison error.

Do not call vy_mem_older_lsn on each UPSERT commit. Older lsn
statement is used to squash big count of upserts and to turn
UPSERT into REPLACE, if the older statement has appeared to be
not UPSERT.
But n_upserts could be calculated on prepare phase almost free,
because the bps has method bps_insert_get_iterator, which
returns iterator to the inserted statement. We can move this
iterator forward to the older lsn without searching in the tree and
update n_upserts.

On a commit phase we can get the n_upserts, calculated on a prepare
phase, and call vy_mem_older_lsn only if there is a sense to
optimize the UPSERT.

Closes #1988

According to the code, 'replace' tuple can also have UPSERT type.
Lets name it 'repsert' = 'replace' + 'upsert'.

Improve the error message when selecting from HASH index using
a partial key.

Fixes gh-1463.

tuple_field_...() is a family of functions for retrieving a field
from tuple with checking of the specified type. Implement no-throw
versions of these functions to use them from C code.

Needed #944

Needed for #944 and #2285

Set of error injection before issuing a select, to avoid its
effects on select execution.

Fix a typo in a status message (gh-2417)

Space should not be accessible while droping. See #2075

A new record type has been added to vylog by commit 353bcdc5
("Rework space truncation"), VY_LOG_TRUNCATE_INDEX. Update the test.

Since vinyl files (run, index, vylog) don't have space id, reading them
with tarantoolctl-cat fails with:

  tarantoolctl:784: attempt to compare nil with number

In case of failure, print files that were not deleted and
the output of box.internal.gc.info().

Needed for #2486

To match box.cfg.vinyl_read_threads introduced by the previous patch.

vy_run_iterator_load_page() uses coeio, which is extremely inefficient
for our cases:

 - it locks/unlocks mutexes every time when a task is queued, scheduled,
   or finished
 - it invokes ev_async_send(), which writes to eventfd and wakes up TX
   loop every time on every task completion
 - it blocks tasks until a free worker is available, which leads to
   unpredictable delays

This patch replaces coeio with cbus in the similar way we do TX <-> WAL
interaction. The number of reader threads is set by a new configuration
option, vinyl_read_threads, which is set to 1 by default.

Note, this patch doesn't bother adjusting cbus queue length, i.e. it is
set to INT_MAX as per default. While this is OK when there are a lot of
concurrent read requests, this might be suboptimal for low-bandwidth
workloads, resulting in higher latencies. We should probably update the
queue length dynamically depending on how many clients are out there.

Closes #2493

Space truncation that we have now is not atomic: we recreate all indexes
of the truncated space one by one. This can result in nasty failures if
a tuple insertion races with the space truncation and sees some indexes
truncated and others not.

This patch redesigns space truncation as follows:

 - Truncate is now triggered by bumping a counter in a new system space
   called _truncate. As before, space truncation is implemented by
   recreating all of its indexes, but now this is done internally in one
   go, inside the space alter trigger. This makes the operation atomic.

 - New indexes are created with Handler::createIndex method, old indexes
   are deleted with Index::~Index. Neither Index::commitCreate nor
   Index::commitDrop are called in case of truncation, in contrast to
   space alter. Since memtx needs to release tuples referenced by old
   indexes, and vinyl needs to log space truncation in the metadata log,
   new Handler methods are introduced, prepareTruncateSpace and
   commitTruncateSpace, which are passed the old and new spaces. They
   are called before and after truncate record is written to WAL,
   respectively.

 - Since Handler::commitTruncateSpace must not fail while vylog write
   obviously may, we reuse the technique used by commitCreate and
   commitDrop methods of VinylIndex, namely leave the record we failed
   to write in vylog buffer to be either flushed along with the next
   write or replayed on WAL recovery. To be able to detect if truncation
   was logged while recovering WAL, we introduce a new vylog record
   type, VY_LOG_TRUNCATE_INDEX which takes truncate_count as a key: if
   on WAL recovery index truncate_count happens to be <= space
   truncate_count, then it it means that truncation was not logged and
   we need to log it again.

Closes #618
Closes #2060

Space truncate rework done by the next patch requires the ability to
swap data stored on disk between two indexes on recovery so as not to
reload all runs every time a space gets truncated. Since we can't swap
content of two rb tree (due to rbt_nil), convert vy_index->tree to a
pointer.

Lock schema before any changes to space and index dictionary and unlock
only after commit or rollback. This allow many parallel data definition
statements. Issue #2075

We need to lock box schema while editing a ddl space. This lock should
be done before any changes in a ddl space. Before trigger is the good
place to issue a schema lock. See #2075

We must store at least one snapshot, otherwise we wouldn't recover
after restart, so if checkpoint_count is set to 0, we disable garbage
collection. This contravenes the notion followed everywhere else in
tarantool: if we want an option value (timeout, checkpoint count, etc)
to be infinite, we should set it to a very big number, not to 0.
Make checkpoint_count comply.

The current gc implementation has a number of flaws:

 - It tracks checkpoints, not consumers, which makes it impossible to
   identify the reason why gc isn't invoked. All we can see is the
   number of users of each particular checkpoint (reference counter),
   while it would be good to know what references it (replica or
   backup).

 - While tracking checkpoints suits well for backup and initial join, it
   doesn't look good when used for subscribe, because replica is
   supposed to track a vclock, not a checkpoint.

 - Tracking checkpoints from box/gc also violates encapsulation:
   checkpoints are, in fact, memtx snapshots, so they should be tracked
   by memtx engine, not by gc, as they are now. This results in
   atrocities, like having two snap xdirs - one in memtx, another in gc.

 - Garbage collection is invoked by a special internal function,
   box.internal.gc.run(), which is passed the signature of the oldest
   checkpoint to save. This function is then used by the snapshot daemon
   to maintain the configured number of checkpoints. This brings
   unjustified complexity to the snapshot daemon implementation: instead
   of just calling box.snapshot() periodically it has to take on
   responsibility to invoke the garbage collector with the right
   signature. This also means that garbage collection is disabled unless
   snapshot daemon is configured to be running, which is confusing, as
   snapshot daemon is disabled by default.

So this patch reworks box/gc as follows:

 - Checkpoints are now tracked by memtx engine and can be accessed via a
   new module box/src/checkpoint.[hc], which provides simple wrappers
   around corresponding MemtxEngine methods.

 - box/gc.[hc] now tracks not checkpoints, but individual consumers that
   can be registered, unregistered, and advanced. Each consumer has a
   human-readable name displayed by box.internal.gc.info():

   tarantool> box.internal.gc.info()
   ---
   - consumers:
     - name: backup
       signature: 8
     - name: replica 885a81a9-a286-4f06-9cb1-ed665d7f5566
       signature: 12
     - name: replica 5d3e314f-bc03-49bf-a12b-5ce709540c87
       signature: 12
     checkpoints:
     - signature: 8
     - signature: 11
     - signature: 12
   ...

 - box.internal.gc.run() is removed. Garbage collection is now invoked
   automatically by box.snapshot() and doesn't require the snapshot
   daemon to be up and running.

Fix spelling and rephrase a few comments.

If the update operation changes a field with number >= 64, the
column mask of the update op is set to UINT64_MAX.
Lets use the last bit of the column mask as the flag, that all
fields with numbers >= 63 could be changed. Then if the indexed
positions are less than 64, the column mask will be always working.

Closes #1716

Remove waiting for end of the dump of the secondary indexes.
According to 0d99714f commit the
primary is always dumped after secondary and we can wait for
the only primary instead of all indexes.

Replace coeio_init() with coio_init().
Remove coeio prefix, and use coio for everything.

We use _init() suffic for library-wide initializers.