third_party: update libcurl from 8.8.0 to 8.10.1

Updates curl module to the version 8.10.1. The new version brings
several new options, such as:

CURL_USE_RUSTLS - Enables Rustls for SSL/TLS. Added in commit
curl/curl@ed76a23fccc1 ("cmake: add rustls")

CURL_USE_WOLFSSH - Option to use wolfSSH. Added in commit
curl/curl@0d8fdd1c7421 ("cmake: add wolfSSH support")

CURL_USE_GSASL - Option to use libgsasl.
Added in commit curl/curl@66bf995d1cfc
("cmake: add CURL_USE_GSASL option with detection + CI test")

CURL_DISABLE_SHA512_256 - Disables SHA-512/256 hash algorithm.
Added in commit curl/curl@33629949488c
("build: add options to disable SHA-512/256 hash algo")

CURL_USE_LIBUV - Use libuv for event-based tests. Added in commit
curl/curl@f7d5f47059c3 ("cmake: add support for `CURL_USE_LIBUV` option")

Corrected http_client test according to curl commit curl/curl@b7e769dc872d
("vtls: stop offering alpn http/1.1 for http2-prior-knowledge")

Build file missed several options and paths not used in the current build.
List of these options was added into curl-excluded-options.txt for the
convenience of the following bumps.

Closes #10576

https://curl.se/changes.html#8_10_1
https://github.com/curl/curl/releases/tag/curl-8_10_1

NO_DOC=libcurl submodule bump
NO_TEST=libcurl submodule bump

(cherry picked from commit 0919f390802f146852b462215327ef03e2730cfc)

@Totktonada: the http_client test mentioned in the original commit
message doesn't present in the `release/2.11` branch.