cmake: enable UBsan checks

The following UBSan checks have been enabled back:

- vptr
- implicit-signed-integer-truncation
- implicit-integer-sign-change
- nullability-arg
- nullability-assign
- nullability-return
- returns-nonnull-attribute

These checks doesn't trigger errors anymore and no sense to keep
them disabled.

Part of #10228
Related to #10741
Related to #10740

NO_CHANGELOG=codehealth
NO_DOC=codehealth
NO_TEST=codehealth

(cherry picked from commit e65b63df7f5a8a628cd9a9bbc6a1bdecec8c9959)