third_party: update libcurl from 8.7.0 to 8.8.0+patches

The patch updates curl module to the version 8.8.0 [1] plus
a number of commits in a range curl-8_8_0..30de937bda0f because
it includes a fix for a regression [2] caught on the previous bump.
The new version brings a number of functional fixes.

Previous changelog entry has been removed because duplicate
entries about bumps in release changelog confuses end users.

Closes #9612

1. https://curl.se/changes.html#8_8_0
2. https://github.com/curl/curl/issues/13740

NO_DOC=libcurl submodule bump
NO_TEST=libcurl submodule bump