ci: Refactor ci after sbroad incorporation

Summary

• ci: Refactor ci after sbroad incorporation
• combined the base image of picodata and sbroad
• refactor CI rules
• add RUST_VERSION and TARANTOOL_VERSION as variables in CI

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• Close #1129 (closed)
• Cherry-pick to: none
• Docs follow-up: not necessary / new issue
• Changelog is updated